چکیده:
ایرانیان از آغاز پیدایی نهضت اسماعیلی، در گستراندن آموزههای آنان بسیار مؤثر بودند و پس از انتقال خلافت فاطمی به مصر، نخبگان ایرانی در سلسله مراتب دعوت، به مقام «داعی الدعات» و «حجت» بار یافتند. این نخبگان افزون بر نشستن بر مقام مذهبی، از منزلت اندیشهورزان و متکلمان دربار خلافت برخوردار شدند و در ترویج و تحکیم اقتدار خلافت کوشیدند. این پژوهش با رویکردی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به شناخت و بررسی منزلت مذهبی و علمی نخبگان ایرانی دربار خلافت فاطمی میپردازد. سؤال اصلی این است که آیا منزلت مذهبی و علمی نخبگان ایرانی در تثبیت اقتدار خلافت فاطمی مؤثر بود؟ این پرسش، از طریق بررسی شاخصهای تألیف، تدریس و مناظرات علمی، ریاست و مدیریت سازمان دعوت، پاسخ یافته است. نخبگان یاد شده به این شیوهها، عقاید فاطمیان را در داخل و خارج بلاد تثبیت کردند و فاطمیان نیز با جذب امیران و وزیران قدرتمند شرق جهان اسلام، در تغییرات سیاسی و اجتماعی عصر خویش تأثیر گذاردند.
With the transfer of the Fatimid caliphate to Egypt, in order to spread and propagate the religious-political power of the caliphs, the religious and political activities of the Da'wah organization expanded. In this regard, the Iranians played a significant role in the structure of the Fatimid power. The Iranians, the ruling elites of the Fatimid court, had an active presence against the opposition through their scientific and religious participation in spreading Fatimid ideology. Iranian thinkers rationally shaped the Fatimid political structure on a cultural basis, because with the spread of rationality in the Middle Islamic era, Islamic sectarian thinkers used this tool to justify their authority. In this era, the Fatimid elites also wanted to explain the religious and political authority of the Fatimid caliphate against rivals and opponents by using cultural tools and by philosophical and rational reasoning in their works and scientific debates. The main question of the present study is what effect did the religious and scientific status of the Iranian elites have on the authority of the Fatimid Caliphate? It seems that the elites with the religious characteristics of Hojjat and Da'i al-Da'at of the Da'wah organization and as thinkers of the Fatimid government were effective in spreading Fatimid thought and ideology. The scientific participation of the elites through writing, teaching, and scientific debates attracted local rulers and expanded the political power of the Fatimid state. This research intends to identify and study the religious and scientific status of the Iranian elites in the court of the Fatimid Caliphate with a descriptive-analytical approach. Their scientific status with the index of writing, teaching and scientific debates along with the chairmanship and management of Da'wah organization stabilized the Fatimid beliefs in the country and abroad. The statistical population of the Iranian elites in the Fatimid court includes the elites who worked for the ideology and promotion of the Fatimid culture in the islands of Da'wah, including the da'i Abu Ya'qub Sajestani, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Neyshabouri, Hamid al-Din Kermani, al-Mu'ayyid fi al-Din Shirazi and Nasser Khosrow. As members of the ruling elite, they were active in the religious structure as bureaucrats and agents of the Fatimid caliphs, in order to develop the religious and political legitimacy of the Imam-Caliph. The results of the study indicated that due to the opposition of the Abbasids and other Islamic sects to the views and ideas of the Fatimids, it is difficult to identify their claimants in the Islamic land. Therefore, little information is available on understanding the religious and scientific status of the Iranian elites of the Fatimid Caliphate. It seems that the Iranians had a significant presence in the Ismaili community from the very beginning of the formation of the Ismaili movement. However, with the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Iranian elites in the Da'wah organization, as the ruling elites, gained religious status as Da'is al-da'at and Hojjat, and were responsible for managing other Da'is of the Ismaili community. In addition to their religious status, the scientific status of Iranians with characteristics such as writing, teaching, scientific debate and training of students were important factors in strengthening the Fatimid religious-political authority in the Islamic East and West. According to sources of the researcher, the role of the Iranian claimant became a factor in attracting local rulers and elders of the Islamic community to the Fatimid caliphate. If, with the help of Abu Ya'qub Sajestani, the Da'i of Khorasan and Sistan, most of the Qaramata of Iran were absorbed by the Fatimids. The Fatimid ruling elites played an active and prominent role in the critical stages of the Ismaili community. Like Kermani's scientific performance in resolving the crisis of Da'wah and explaining the Imamate of the ruler to Bamra. It is important that she reconsidered the theory of the Imamate by writing theological-philosophical works. In this regard, we can mention the prominent religious, political and scientific role of Al-Muwayyad Fi Al-Din in proving the Fatimid Imamate and the conquest of Baghdad in the era of Al-Mustansarba. As the cultural elite of the Fatimid court, he took over the executive management in the Divan section. Also, he was one of the important factors in the conquest of Baghdad by carrying out a political mission. On the other hand, with the efforts of Al-Muayyid, the valuable works of the Fatimids were sent to Yemen by Lamak bin Malik to protect the destruction of the Fatimid works by the opposition. By training his students, he became a factor in spreading Fatimid beliefs in the Muslim community. Among the influential students, we can mention Nasser Khosrow, Hojjat of Khorasan. He was one of the important factors in expanding the invitation in Khorasan and eastern Iran.
خلاصه ماشینی:
جامعه آماري نخبگان ايراني دربار فاطمي ، گروهي است که معطوف به ترويج ايدئولوژي و فرهنگ تأليف و تدريس و مناظره علمي به انگيزه نفوذ در عقايد افراد، از ابزارهاي فاطمي در جزيره هاي دعوت تل ش مي کردند که داعي ابويعقوب سجستاني ، احمد بن ابراهيم نيشابوري ، فرهنگي در اين زمينه اند (عالم ، ١٣٧٣: ١٤٦؛ گالبرايت ، ١٣٩٠: ١٢).
٥. با توجه به اهميت رتبه داعي الدعات حميدالدين کرماني از ديگر ايرانيان نام دار روزگار الحاکم بامر ال ، لقب افتخاري »حجت العراقين « در جامعه اسماعيلي ، مهم ترين وظايف وي چنين بود: فراهم آوردن زمينه تعليم )داعي عراق عرب و عجم ( را از امام فاطمي دريافت و روزگارش با اقتدار آل بويه در بغداد مقارن بود پيروان ؛ هدايت و دعوت مردم ؛ معرفي کيفيت ابراز حب ولايت ؛ نشان دادن قلد بن يوسف کارگزار حکومت عباسي در موصل (جان احمدي ،١٣٩٠: ٣٠٤).
بيش تر مسلمانان عقل گرايي و علوم فلسفي را اثر تصميماتشان و تأثيرشان در افراد، عاملي انساني رشد علمي و جذب افراد تهديدي براي اسل م و مسلمانان مي داشمردند، اما نخبگان ايراني کنار ديگر انديشه ورزان دربار فاطمي به مقام کاريزمايي امام بودند؛ چنان که طبقه رسمي جامعه روحانيان در درازناي خواستار تلفيق دين و فلسفه به انگيزه احياي مشروعيت و مرجعيت امام شيعي و استرداد حقوق خاندان تاريخ ، به حاکم و رهبر را در جايگاهي الاهي نشانده و دارنده فره ايزدي علي )ع (؛ يعني يگانه منبع هدايت ال هي بودند و افزون بر تطور انديشه علمي ، مي خواستند نظمي دانسته است .