چکیده:
چکیدهکرمان در دورۀ قاجار یک مرکز کارگاهی محسوب میشد. مهمترین کالاهای تجاری کرمان در سراسر دورۀ قاجار شال و فرش کرمان بودند که گاهی بیش از 99 درصد صادرات کرمان را به خود اختصاص داده بودند. در فهرست اقلام تجاری کرمان در دورۀ قاجار فرآوردههای گیاهی و خشکبار نیز به فراوانی موجود بود. بنابراین مسئلۀ اصلی، نسبت تولیدات کشاورزی و گیاهی با محصولات کارگاهی در کرمان است. پژوهش پیش رو با ماهیت تاریخ اقتصادی و با ترکیبی از روش آماری و توصیفی–تحلیلی در پی پاسخی برای این پرسش بود که: خشکبار و گیاهان دارویی چه جایگاهی در تجارت خارجی کرمان در دورۀ قاجار داشتند؟ نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که پسته، بادام، زیره، صمغ کتیرا و حنا مهمترین خشکبار و گیاهان دارویی کرمان در دورۀ قاجار بودند. این اقلام بعد از تولیدات کارگاهی مشتمل بر شال و فرش، مهمترین اقلام صادراتی کرمان را تشکیل میدادند. هرکدام از این کالاها به تناوب مهمترین کالای تجاری کرمان بعد از فرش کرمان محسوب میشدند. اما از آن میان پسته مهمترین محصول صادراتی کرمان بعد از فرش بود. صادرات پسته در سال 1328-1327ق/1910-1909م به تنهایی 60/4 درصد کل رقم صادرات خارجی کرمان را به خود اختصاص داد. ارزش این فرآردهها نسبت به کل صادرات کرمان از 44/0 تا 08/11 درصد در نوسان بود.
IntroductionKerman was one of the special economic areas of Iran in the Qajar period. The economic importance of this region laid in its foreign trade. An important part of Iran's exports to India and Europe was producing in this region. A look at the situation of Kerman's foreign trade, during the Qajar period shows that the most important commercial goods of Kerman for export throughout the Qajar period were shawls, carpets and in the next stage, opium commercial goods. Carpet was the most important export commodity of Kerman and sometimes allotted itself more than 99% of Kerman's export commodities (Sehhat Manesh, 2019: 97-116). Also, in the balance of industry and agriculture in Kerman, industry and especially the shawl and carpet industry were in a higher rank. This was while the dried fruit trade was one of the most important trade items in Iran. The trade of dried fruits in relation to the total exports of Iran shows a figure between one -fourth to one -sixth in the years from 1906 until 1913(Kaveh, 1286: 7-8). Nuts were obtained from agricultural products. Therefore, industry and agricultural products in Kerman were in an unfavorable commercial situation compared to many other regions in the Qajar period. So here lies the main issue. Therefore, the forthcoming research focuses on the field of medicinal plants and nuts and seeks to answer the question: What is the position of medicinal plants and nuts in Kerman's foreign trade during the Qajar period? MethodThe present research is a type of historical research in the field of economic history. Therefore, due to the nature of the research, the method used was historical. In the research method, a combination of statistical and descriptive-analytical methods was used. The use of statistics and figures was used to analyze and explain the trade, especially the dried fruit trade in Kerman. For this purpose, the data were extracted from the main sources of local history of Kerman and Iran, but the main reliance is on the annual documents of the British Consulate in Kerman. DiscussionKerman during the Qajar period was considered an important region for the production and export of nuts. Among these products were products such as pistachio, almond, tragacanth and henna. Tragacanth was the most important herbal-medicinal commodity in Iran, whose trade was more prosperous in western Iran and Kermanshah. Most of the mentioned products were exported from Kerman to India and Europe. For this reason, the Indians and later the Persians of Iran or the Zoroastrians were the main intermediaries in trade between Kerman and India. Bandar Abbas and Minab were also the main ports for exporting nuts and medicinal plants from Iran to India and Europe. Since Kerman's goods were exported through Bandar Abbas, the presence of Indians on both sides of the Kerman-Bandar Abbas route indicated that the Indians were mediating in the trade between Kerman and India. On the one hand, the Indians were present in Kerman and had relatively good facilities, and on the other hand, a relatively large number of them were present in Bandar Abbas, Minab and Bandar Lengeh. There was another reason for the presence of Indians in Kerman and Iranian ports, and that was that Indians were citizens of the British government. For this reason, they were fully supported by the British consulates in these areas, and this support justified their long presence in the commercial areas of Iran.At the beginning of the twentieth century, equal to the years leading up to constitutionalism, 60 Indians settled in Bandar Abbas for trade. Goods that came to Bandar Abbas from other parts of Iran such as Kerman, Rafsanjan, Sirjan, Jiroft and Bam were exported to India through them. At the same time, 26 Indians were in the port of Lengeh for business and 14 in Minab (Lorimer, 1915: 10, 1097, 1227).Trade with other countries had a major impact on the development of economic and social life in Kerman and its dependent provinces. In terms of foreign trade, most of Kerman's trade was with Britain and Russia. Of course, trade with Britain was more with the British East India Company, in other words, with India. The Kerman region traded with Russia through Khorasan, and trade with India and Britain through Bandar Abbas. The largest volume of foreign trade in Kerman was through Bandar Abbas and with India and Britain. Most of the goods produced in Kerman province were also exported through Bandar Abbas. In terms of foreign trade in Kerman, Russia was in second place, after Britain (Mohandes, 2007: 140). The most important products that were imported to Bandar Abbas for export from Kerman were tragacanth, pistachio, almond kernel, pistachio kernel, almond, mahlooj i.e., cotton and carpet, alfalfa seed, madder, cumin, fluff, wool, walnut, and gooseberry. Through trade and export of these products, almost one million tomans of foreign currency entered Kerman. Target markets for these products were: Karachi, Mumbai, Egypt, London, Jeddah, Oman, Bahrain, Basra and Baghdad (lorimer, 1915: 11; Sadid-ol Saltaneh, 1989: 175, 191; Nazem ol-Islam Kermani, 2005: 233).In the seven-year period ending in 1324 AH / 1906 AD, the main exports from Bandar Abbas were as follows (100 thousand rupees per year); Fruits and vegetables (6), opium (3), wool (1.5), medicine and medical supplies (1.33), gum [probably tragacanth] (1.33) and carpets (1.25). With the exception of opium exported to China, almost all of these items were exported to India (Lorimer, 1915: 11). Financial value of Kerman dried fruits and medicinal plants exports to India and Europe 1323-1332/1905-1914 (author: 2020)Business year1323-1324 AH1324-1325 AH1325-1326 AH1326-1327 AH1327-1328 AH1328-1329 AH1329-1330 AH1330-1331 AH1331-1332 AHFinancial value of dried fruits3525042,05015,250 rupees1712 lira12,394 lira770 lira4,555 lira2,800 lira3166 liraThe position of nuts in Kerman trade The most important productPistachioPistachioTragacanthPistachioPistachioAlmondTragacanthPistachioTragacanth Bam was the most important province of Kerman in the trade of nuts and medicinal plants, which had the highest trade exchange after Kerman. With the exception of wheat which was a purely domestic product and accounted for Bam's highest domestic exports, the main commercial products were henna, watermelon, cumin and castor oil (Parliamentary Documents of England (5), 2012: 376-377; Diplomatic And Consular Reports, 1904: 4-5). Rafsanjan and Sirjan were other provinces of Kerman that participated in the trade of nuts and medicinal plants. Rafsanjan was the center of cotton, pistachio and almond production, (British Parliamentary Documents (3), 2011: 360) and Sirjan was the trade route for this type of goods to Bandar Abbas (Diplomatic And Consular Reports, 1915: 22). Among other provinces of Kerman, Shahdad was the center of henna production, and Jiroft was the center of walnut and cumin production (Abbott, 1855: 33-34; Anonymous, 2006: 216). ConclusionExamination of Kerman's export table to India and Britain showed that in the ratio between workshop goods with agricultural and non-workshop goods, Kerman carpets and shawls are at the top with a long distance compared to other products. The most important non-industrial exports were medicinal plants and nuts. The main items of this type of products were pistachios, almonds, tragacanth gum, black cumin and white cumin. These goods were alternately at the top of non-industrial goods in Kerman. Although these goods were not much more valuable than carpets, they had their own customers in India and Europe. These products had a considerable value in the period between 1323 AH / 1905 AD to 1328 AH / 1910 AD. The value of these products in relation to the total export of Kerman ranged from 0.44 to 11.08 percent. Among these commodities, pistachio was the most important commodity that was at the top for many years. Pistachio export in 1328-1327 AH / 1910-1909 AD alone accounted for 4.60% of the total foreign export figure of Kerman. Among other provinces of Kerman, Bam was the most important center for the production of henna, watermelon and castor oil, and most of its products were exported to domestic countries, especially to Kerman, Yazd and Khorasan.